TNF and Alzheimer disease: TNF-α increases Na+/H + exchanger activity and concentration of Na+, which results in ROS generation.[83]Qin used rats treated with hydrogen-rich saline solution (HRSS, 2 mL/kg/d) and found that IL-6 levels decreased at both the mRNA and protein levels, and the TNF-α/NF-ĸB pathway was inhibited by hydrogen in the injured carotid arteries.[84] Wang used amyloid-beta-induced Alzheimer’s disease model with hydrogen-rich saline through an intraperitoneal method (5 mL/kg, i.p., daily) for 10 days and the result turned out that Aβ1–42 induced the increase of IL-1β.