and Bacteroides in osteoporosis.[21] Additionally, the gut microbiota may influence bone health by modulating levels of steroid hormones, insulin-like growth factor 1, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D metabolites, affecting osteoblasts (for bone formation) and osteoclasts (for bone resorption).[21] Short-chain fatty acids produced by gut microbiota contribute to antioxidant production, which helps mitigate oxidative stress, offering insights into the pathogenesis of ON. The gene discussed is IGF1; the disease is osteoporosis.