In contrast, the effectsof PFOS in vivo and in cell culture are dependent on the animal model,concentration of PFOS, and cancer cell context since inhibition orinduction and no effects on cancer cell growth have been observedin studies using PFOS.49,57−62 This work investigates the effects of PFOS and structurally relatedcompounds as NR4A1 ligands and NR4A1 agonists in cancer cells. The gene discussed is NR4A1; the disease is cancer.