For example, in a study of 81 patients with CKD and 116 patients with non-diabetic CKD, supplemented VLPDs were observed to be safe and have metabolic/nutritional benefits in both groups with respect to reduction of serum urea, phosphorus levels, and fasting glucose levels as well as nutritional markers including serum albumin, cholesterol, body weight, BMI, muscle strength34. Here, ALB is linked to chronic kidney disease.