Specifically, among the 10 hub genes, 8 (SFRP4, FMOD, HAPLN1, LTBP2, SVEP1, BCL6, CD38, ATRNL1) were found to have significantly higher expression levels in HF patients compared to non-HF subjects (P < 0.05) in the GSE116250 dataset. Here, HAPLN1 is linked to hydrops fetalis.