However, several NPs such as Thymoquinone, β-Elemene, and Salidroside have been reported to exhibit a close correlation between their anti-gastric cancer properties and the inhibition of cell apoptosis mediated by the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway (He et al., 2023; Liu et al., 2011; Rong et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and gastric cancer.