PIK3CA and cancer: However, the MAPK pathway can indirectly activate related bypass pathways to inhibit autophagy, such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, which interact with each other by cross-suppressing and co-influencing the same substrate, and this complex interaction is one of the key mechanisms for the development of tolerance in cancer cells (Bou Antoun and Chioni, 2023; Saini et al., 2013).