GCG and Other metabolic disease: were the first to show that daily administration of live Akkermansia muciniphila in mice reversed HFD-induced metabolic disorders through mechanisms such as the production of extracellular vesicles that alleviate gut inflammation, stimulation of mucus secretion by Amuc_1100 protein, and regulation of glucose homeostasis by promoting glucagon-like peptide-1 and 2 secretion via outer membrane protein P9 (Cani et al., 2022).