The activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways, triggered by hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and AGEs, leads to increased production of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), contributing to myocardial fibrosis, endothelial dysfunction, and impaired ventricular relaxation. Here, TNF is linked to Hyperglycemia.