Across the UK Biobank, All of Us, and BioMe, risk variants and genes had simultaneous positive associations with liver enzymes, insulin resistance markers (HbA1c, IGF-1, and TyG index), serum lipids, and physical measurements (Fig. 5a; Additional file 1: Table S9), whereas protective variants and genes had the inverse (Fig. 5b). Here, IGF1 is linked to Insulin resistance.