The hippocampal overexpression of miR-499-5p in Cacna1c+/− rats caused memory impairments, recapitulating the cognitive deficits encountered in MD (Martins et al, 2022), including deficits in attention, memory and executive functions present during the different mood phases and during remission (Huang et al, 2023). This evidence concerns the gene CACNA1C and Menkes disease.