TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: As reported in many studies, FMT was a promising therapeutic approach for treating CD.13 One study showed that it was possible to explore the donor-bacterial strain engraftment in recipients of the FMT by assessing the bacterial SNVs.159 Also, the response to anti-integrin treatment97 and anti-TNF therapy160 can be predicted based on a combination of the gut microbiome and other clinical factors.161 To fully leverage the potential of predictive models in IBD, it is crucial to determine which biomarker characteristics should take precedence.