As reported in many studies, FMT was a promising therapeutic approach for treating CD.13 One study showed that it was possible to explore the donor-bacterial strain engraftment in recipients of the FMT by assessing the bacterial SNVs.159 Also, the response to anti-integrin treatment97 and anti-TNF therapy160 can be predicted based on a combination of the gut microbiome and other clinical factors.161 To fully leverage the potential of predictive models in IBD, it is crucial to determine which biomarker characteristics should take precedence. Here, TNF is linked to Cowden disease.