TNF and malaria: The median TNF-α level for all participants was 78.2 pg/mL (IQR: 65.6 – 99.1), with those in the malaria group having a median of 90.8 pg/mL (IQR: 75.4 – 107.5), compared to 48.0 pg/mL (IQR: 35.0 – 78.0) in the control group (p < 0.001).