TLR4 and hyperostosis: Babademez et al. (2016) reported that TLR4 gene polymorphisms predispose individuals to adenoid hypertrophy. Additionally, Grasso et al. investigated Italian children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy, focusing on genetic variations in the MBL2 gene, and found that individuals with the MBL2 00 genotype might serve as a prognostic marker for those affected (Grasso et al., 2007).