During the prodromal phase of T1D and preceding early insulitis, islet cell autoantibodies against several antigens such as insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase and zinc transporter-8 are detectable in sera of most subjects (Bogun et al. 2020; Campbell-Thompson et al. 2016; Krischer et al. 2022). Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.