CD4 and infection: For the T lymphocytes found in the liver granulomas, a possible explanation is that they represent an increased population of T cells that can alleviate granuloma pathology, including Tregs (Nation et al. 2022, 2020) and CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells (Yang et al. 2019), which might help to create a less immunologically hostile environment for the worms during late infection.