In addition, significant relative increases in populations of resolving macrophage phenotype (M2) cells and anti-apoptotic protein expression such as Bcl2, and lower level of pro-apoptotic protein expression, plasma inflammatory biomarkers and facilitators such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-1β, iNOS, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and TNF- α are consistently reported in pre-clinical interventional studies with polyphenols in mice models of UC and CD-like colitis model [28,39,40]. Here, IL1B is linked to Cowden disease.