IL4 and neuropathic pain: In support of this notion, an in vivo study showed a significant alleviation of inflammatory biomarkers such as cytokines IL-1β, IL-4, TNF-α, decreased colon mucosal permeability, all linked to improved gut microbiota, including enhanced Verrucomicrobia and Firmicutes in mice colons, while also exhibiting analgesic effects against neuropathic pain [31].