Notably, converged upregulation of CD47 via the SIRPA–CD47 axis in CAF–tumor interaction (identified through NicheNet) as well as the THBS1–CD47 axis between Mφs and tumor cells in the presence of CAFs (identified from CellChat) indicates that upregulation of CD47 signaling is the main effect of stromal cells in TME, which may lead to immune evasion. Here, SIRPA is linked to neoplasm.