Distinct 5hmC hydroxymethylation patterns between pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and non-cancer samples have been identified, particularly in genes associated with pancreas development and function (e.g., GATA4, GATA6, PROX1, ONECUT1, MEIS2) and cancer pathogenesis (e.g., YAP1, TEAD1, PROX1, IGF1) [50]. Here, IGF1 is linked to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.