As shown in Fig. 6, when we knocked down CARHSP1, the PD-L1 expression was significantly decreased via the regulation of IL-17RA, resulting in less cytotoxic T cell exhaustion and more PCa cell death in a co-culture model in vitro. Overall, our results demonstrate that as a regulator of IL-17RA and PD-L1, CARHSP1 plays an important role in the modulation of tumor microenvironment in PCa. This evidence concerns the gene CARHSP1 and neoplasm.