Macrophages that ingest these vesicles undergo M2 polarization via the STAT3 signaling pathway due to the presence of this protein.482 Surprisingly, the β2-microglobulin (B2M) subunit of Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC-I), which is crucial for the function of CD8+ T cells, can interact with PIP5K1A in gliomas and promote the secretion of MYC-induced TGF-β1, leading to M2 polarization of TAMs.483 OAS1 (2’-5’-oligoadenylate synthetase 1) is a member of the interferon-stimulated gene family and plays a crucial role in antiviral processes. Here, OAS1 is linked to glioma.