However, as cancer progresses into its later stages, GM-CSF levels gradually increase, promoting TAM recruitment and thus facilitating tumor progression.445,446 Moreover, GM-CSF also enhances TAMs’ production of IL-8, which generates lymphotoxicity and induces tumor cells to produce more GM-CSF, thereby exacerbating TAMs’ impact on shaping the microenvironment. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is cancer.