Repolarizing M2 TAMs to the M1 phenotype may also represent a novel and effective anti-cancer strategy.560 In the context of ependymomas, a subset of inflammatory CCL2+ TAMs has been identified, characterized by high pro-apoptotic gene expression and immune response-related factors such as IL-1β, CCL3, and CCL4.561 This suggests that CCL2+ TAMs may be active in initiating immune responses by promoting inflammatory reactions and regulating tumor cell apoptosis, thereby influencing the TME. The gene discussed is CCL2; the disease is ependymoma.