CD38 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: This mechanism is involved in many metabolic pathological processes or diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), insulin resistance, etc.12,283,284 Furthermore, inflammatory cytokines secreted by senescent cells could induce macrophages to proliferate and express the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-consuming enzyme CD38, thus promoting a decrease in tissue NAD+ level during senescence.285