CCL2 and rheumatoid arthritis: The adipocytokine nesfatin-1 promotes high expression of CCL2 in RA synovial fibroblasts via the ERK/MAPK pathway, enhancing M1 polarization and chemotaxis, thereby exacerbating RA conditions.672 Nesfatin-1 has been identified as a potential risk factor for RA.673 As previously mentioned, M1 macrophages primarily rely on aerobic glycolysis,674 while M2 macrophages depend on oxidative phosphorylation.