STING1 and glioma: Overexpression of OAS1 can result in CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocyte) dysfunction and promote M2 polarization of macrophages.484 Interestingly, TRIM56, an interferon-induced E3 ubiquitin ligase that is overexpressed upon double-stranded DNA stimulation and regulates the production of type I interferon via the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, has been found through pan-cancer analysis to promote M2 polarization of macrophages in gliomas.