This activation probably contributed to the heightened expression of inflammatory mediators like iNOS observed in our study, aligning with previous research (A-Elgadir et al., 2024) that demonstrated syringic acid’s anti-inflammatory properties by modulating the NF-κB/COX-2/iNOS and JAK/STAT pathways in hepato-testicular inflammation induced by methyl cellosolve in rats. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is inflammatory response.