Of note, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), a kinase which signaling contributes to adaptive expansion of maternal β-cells [67], negatively regulates GSK3β [64,66], and women with GDM have high GSK3β levels in adipose and skeletal muscle tissues [68], raising the possibility that maternal β-cell maladaptation might be mediated by GSK3-dependent NRF2 degradation in β-cells. Here, NFE2L2 is linked to gestational diabetes.