Acute DSS colitis displays an upregulated Th1-Th17 response with elevation of several proinflammatory cytokines, including Keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC).48 Accordingly, accumulation of the proinflammatory cytokine KC was prominent in the serum of treated male Vil.M3R mice indicating a severe systemic inflammation (Figure 3f). This evidence concerns the gene CALCA and colitis.