APP and Alzheimer disease: In preclinical studies, amyloid-beta precursor (APP) transgenic mice, an established animal model for amyloid-beta deposition and AD, exhibit changes in cognitive domains greatly impaired in AD patients, including learning and memory dysfunction (Westerman et al., 2002; Jahn, 2013; Webster et al., 2013; Zhu et al., 2017; Pang et al., 2022).