Figure 7 demonstrates a significant enrichment of the IL-18 signaling pathway in keloid tissues. Figure 8 illustrates robust correlations between hub gene expression and immune cell infiltration. Figure 9 demonstrates that EDN1 and NTF3 are significantly positively correlated with fibrosis markers (COL1A1 and TGFB1) and inflammatory factors (IL6 and TNFA), underscoring their critical roles in fibrosis and inflammation. Finally, Figure 10 summarizes the clinical and demographic characteristics of the GEO datasets, underscoring the robustness of our data. Here, TNF is linked to keloid.