TGFB1 and autoimmune disease: It has been reported that the TGF-β1 T869C (rs1982073) gene polymorphism is a potential risk factor for various autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis (Hussein et al., 2014; Gómez-Bernal et al., 2022; Xie et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2020).