TGFB1 and autoimmune disease: Following the initial exploration by Alayli et al. on the association between the TGF-β1 T869C polymorphism and RA in a Turkish population, this polymorphism has garnered increasing attention in the context of autoimmune diseases, providing early evidence for a link between the TGF-β1 T869C polymorphism and an increased risk of RA, which laid the groundwork for subsequent studies (Alayli et al., 2009).