It was shown that infection of Int-407 monolayers and 3D aggregates by S. Thyphimurium (1 to 2 hours) resulted in significantly higher expression of proinflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines, including Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) and several interleukins (IL-6, IL-1α, IL-1β), compared to uninfected monolayers and 3D culture. Here, TNF is linked to infection.