TNF and cancer: The transition from inflammation to cancer may be mediated by several regulatory molecules (Wang Y. et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2025), including chemokines, proinflammatory cytokines, TNF, and IL-6, which are crucial in promoting the growth, proliferation, and invasion of cancer cells (Singh et al., 2019; Jiang et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2023c; Zhao et al., 2024; Shao et al., 2024; Wang et al., 2024).