Additionally, DMAMCL has been shown to inhibit STAT3 phosphorylation by directly binding to STAT3, reducing PD-L1 expression in glioma cells, as phosphorylated STAT3 binds to the PD-L1 promoter to modulate its transcription (Zanders et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2020). Here, CD274 is linked to glioma.