Figure 8 summarizes the role played by hsps as both therapeutic targets and biomarkers in cancer. It is reported that samples (plasma, serum, and plasma/urine-derived exosomes) collected from patients with cancer showed high expression levels of various hsps, such as hspA, hspC, DnaJ, and hspB, compared to those from healthy participants (Gunaldi et al., 2015; Krawczyk et al., 2020). The gene discussed is PSMA7; the disease is cancer.