· Identification of key molecular targets in cancer, such as HER2/neu in breast cancer, leads to targeted therapies like trastuzumab, which sets the stage for similar approaches in GI cancers · Introduction of interferon-alpha and interleukin-2 as immune-modulating agents, early use of immunotherapy in treating cancers including melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Here, IL2 is linked to hereditary clear cell renal cell carcinoma.