INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: We have previously reported that replacement of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors by tofogliflozin, a SGLT2i reduced circulating levels of AGEs, fasting levels of insulin, white blood cell count, and arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes patients, although HbA1c levels were modestly, but significantly increased rather than decreased following the switching to SGLT2i (Bekki et al. 2019).