INS and diabetes mellitus: Furthermore, GRI was significantly associated with baPWV (regression coefficient, β = 3.1692; 95% CI: 1.4085 to 4.9299, p < 0.001) after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, such as age, sex, BMI, duration of diabetes, smoking status, alcohol consumption, insulin therapy, use of ACE inhibitors and/or ARBs, statins, antiplatelet medications, the presence of retinopathy, systolic blood pressure, eGFR, HbA1c, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, log‐transformed triglyceride, uric acid, and log‐transformed urine albumin levels (Model 2, Table 3).