Moreover, by comparing human atrial tissue collected at the time of surgery to mouse atria collected at the time of arrhythmia, we found that IL-6Rα was the only protein in the IL-6 signaling cascade that progressed from unchanged at the time of surgery (Supplemental Figure 10E) to increase at the time of arrhythmia (Figure 3G), suggesting that IL-6Rα may be amenable to therapeutic intervention. This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and Arrhythmia.