Induction of HMGB1-mediated neuroinflammation following AIE is associated with reductions of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and cognitive deficits in adulthood (Vetreno et al., 2020; Crews et al., 2021; Crews and Vetreno, 2022; Crews et al., 2023; Macht et al., 2023). Here, HMGB1 is linked to Cognitive impairment.