Importantly, human plasma levels of HMGB1 are increased in adolescent binge drinkers and post-mortem human brain of individuals with AUD and an adolescent age of drinking onset as well as in the cerebrospinal fluid of individuals with AD (Fujita et al., 2016; Orio et al., 2018; Vetreno et al., 2021). Here, HMGB1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.