MDM2 and cancer: In breast cancer patients with p53 mutations or deficiencies, MDM2 is still overexpressed and is linked to cancer growth, progression, poor survival, metastasis, and resistance to treatment (Jiang et al., 1997; Cuny et al., 2000; Lukas et al., 2001; Cheng et al., 2012; Zheng et al., 2023).