TNF and Anorexia: The causes of anorexia may be directly related to dysphagia, hypoxia and alteration of gastrointestinal function, such as motility and capability to digest, or related to inflammatory process mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 1 (IL-1) and 1 beta (IL-1β) (35).