RIPK1 and diabetes mellitus: While many studies claim changes in the gut microbiome in relation to diabetes to be mostly negative, the up-regulation of the microbial spermidine production in relation to the BWS found in our study might suggest also beneficial/compensatory effects of altered microbial communities in diabetic subjects, especially since spermidine has recently been shown to suppress diabetes onset and progression by modulating RIPK1-mediated cell death and inflammation.62 From our point of view, this aspect should be addressed in future translational and/or mechanistic studies