An exploratory study involving 277 patients with age-related macular degeneration found significant alterations in the expression levels of immediate early response 3 (IER-3), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3), beta 3-glucosyltransferase (B3GALTL), hepatic lipase (LIPC), and HtrA serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1) among individuals with sleep deprivation or patients with age-related macular degeneration who experienced an increase in sleep duration [49]. Here, IER3 is linked to age-related macular degeneration.