INS and Nephropathy: After adjusting confounders in model 1, for age, BMI, and energy, and model 2, for physical activity, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin level, and lipid profile including cholesterol, TG, LDL, HDL, creatinine level, and CRP, we observed a significant relationship between increased risk of nephropathy in diabetic patients with the highest quartile of the thrombogenic index compared to diabetic patients in the lowest quartile (OR: 3.34, 95% CI: 1.66–6.72, p trend < 0.001) and (OR: 3.50, 95% CI: 1.62–7.52, p trend < 0.001), respectively.