DPP4 and cholangitis: Another study, involving 75 randomized controlled trials with a total of 97,150 participants, demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the risk of cholecystitis among patients using DPP-4 inhibitors, yet it did not identify any significant associations between DPP-4 inhibitors and the risks of cholecystolithiasis, cholangitis, choledocholithiasis, or biliary colic (Yu et al., 2022).