ALB and osteoporosis: Compared with the participants without severe AAC, individuals in the SAAC group exhibited advanced age, elevated NPS values, a higher prevalence of smoking, and were more prone to conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, arthritis, cancer, and osteoporosis, had lower BMI, hemoglobin, and platelets, and a higher value of urinary albumin to creatinine ratio, blood uric acid, red blood cell distribution width, glycosylated hemoglobin, vitamin D, and vitamin B12.