Previous in vivo and in vitro experiments (Fu et al., 2024; Yang et al., 2024a; Liu et al., 2025) showed that serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly increased in the AP model group compared to the control group, the same levels were observed in pancreatic follicular cells of AR42J rats, and IL-1β levels were also significantly increased in the intestine of SAP rats. Here, TNF is linked to alkaline phosphatase measurement.