A study reported that the TLR4/MyD88/NFKB signaling pathway in primary cultured human fibroblasts from leiomyomas was activated under E. coli LPS treatment, which suggested that bacteria may be involved in the pathogenesis of leiomyomas by inducing cell proliferation through inflammation (Guo et al., 2015). The gene discussed is MYD88; the disease is leiomyoma.