CCL4 and cystic fibrosis: Mechanistically, CCR5, involved in cardiac remodeling and dysfunction under stress overload,[41] may be implicated in the development and progression of CF.[51] Research has shown that CCR5+ inflammatory cells and increased CCR5 ligands (CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5) may contribute to the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the inflamed tissue and their activation.[52, 53] We uncovered that these CCR5 ligands were mainly expressed on macrophages and T cells.