In the further analysis, we have to consider not only age-related cancer risk but also hormonal factors (cancer risk can be influenced by hormonal changes or developmental processes that occur later in life; the brothers may not yet have reached this stage), possibly environmental factors, as well as the impact of modifier genes (the brothers may carry protective genetic variants in other genes that modulate the effects of the PALB2 variant, reducing their overall cancer susceptibility) juxtaposed with the impact of epigenetic regulation. This evidence concerns the gene PALB2 and cancer.