However, recent research has identified other genetic disorders linked to HIES, including mutations in IL6ST, PGM3, ERBIN, ZNF341, IL6R, SPINK5, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, STAT6 and CARD11, expanding our knowledge of the genetic basis for this syndrome (133, 141, 208). Here, SPINK5 is linked to hyper-IgE syndrome.