However, recent research has identified other genetic disorders linked to HIES, including mutations in IL6ST, PGM3, ERBIN, ZNF341, IL6R, SPINK5, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, STAT6 and CARD11, expanding our knowledge of the genetic basis for this syndrome (133, 141, 208). Here, CARD11 is linked to hereditary disease.