Clinical manifestations in patients with PGM3 deficiency include recurrent infections (particularly Staphylococcus aureus), Candidiasis, or viral etiologies in the skin, respiratory tract, or gastrointestinal tract, atopy, neurologic symptoms, enteropathy, bone marrow failure, skeletal dysplasia (168–170), as well as hyper-elevated serum IgE (168). Here, IGHE is linked to infection.