TNF and neoplasm: DAMPs include molecules such as high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), calreticulin (CRT), heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70) (15), among which HSP70 can be recognized by DCs through CD91, promoting DC maturation and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α (14); CRT acts as a phagocytic signal for DCs, facilitating DC recruitment and antigen uptake; HMGB1 is a histone-chromatin binding protein released from the nuclei of tumor cells after radiation damage.