A greater proportion of women with GiP were iron deficient in each trimester compared to women without GiP (first trimester: p = 0.003, second trimester: p = 0.021, third trimester: p = 0.039, Fig. 4) Similarly women with GiP had significantly lower hemoglobin compared to women without GiP (first trimester: p = 0.015, second trimester: p = 0.006, third trimester: p = 3.61e-6, Fig. 4e) and had a greater proportion suffering from anemia (first trimester: p = 0.002, second trimester: p = 0.020, third trimester: p = 0.001, Fig. 4). Here, GIP is linked to anemia (phenotype).