GLP1R and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Today, with nearly 100 approved peptide drugs worldwide and ongoing transitions from preclinical to clinical trials, the peptide therapeutics market continues to grow.15 Significant advancements include the approval of semaglutide (Rybelsus®, Novo Nordisk A/S) as the first oral glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and weight loss.16,17 Sales data from 2024 highlights the market dominance of semaglutide formulations, with semaglutide injections (Ozempic®) led peptide drug sales, totaling $138.90 hundred million USD.