SLC16A1 and neoplasm: After being taken up by MCT1 and oxidized to pyruvate, lactic acid can also regulate the expression and activity of inhibitor of κB kinase β (IKKβ), leading to the phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation of inhibitor of κBα (IκBα), nuclear translocation of NF-κB, and transcription of the angiogenic factor IL-8, ultimately promoting tumor angiogenesis (Duan et al., 2022).