NFKB1 and neoplasm: Subsequently, lactic acid enters vascular endothelial cells through MCT1 and is converted into pyruvate, which activates the HIF-1α and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/interleukin-8 (IL-8) signaling pathways, inducing endothelial cell migration and tumor angiogenesis (Doherty and Cleveland, 2013).